²ÝÁñÊÓƵ

The WCAG version 2.0 document was published on December 2008; WCAG 2.1 was published on June 5th, 2018; and the latest update to the WCAG 2.2 was published January 25, 2023. The WCAG has 13 guidelines that are organized under four principles. You can  or read them summarized below.

• Perceivable:
  • Provide text alternatives for non-text content.
  • Provide captions and other alternatives for multimedia.
  • Create content that can be presented in different ways, including by assistive technologies, without losing meaning.
  • Make it easier for users to see and hear content.
• Operable:
  • Make all functionality available from a keyboard.
  • Give users enough time to read and use content.
  • Do not use content that causes seizures or physical reactions.
  • Help users navigate and find content.
  • Make it easier to use inputs other than keyboard.
• Understandable:
  • Make text readable and understandable.
  • Make content appear and operate in predictable ways.
  • Help users avoid and correct mistakes.
• Robust:
  • Maximize compatibility with current and future user tools.

The WCAG have certain testable criteria which make up the three levels of conformance. Each level is progressively more difficult to implement and maintain; however, at each additional level, in fact with each criterion that you meet, your site becomes accessible to more and more people.

• Level A is the minimum level of conformance and has 25 different criteria. The success criteria at Level A are designed to be the easiest to meet, without much impact on the website design or structure. If your website meets Level A, a majority of users will be able to use the site. 
• Level AA includes all Level A and AA requirements. This level has 13 additional criteria. Many organizations strive to meet Level AA, and it is the most commonly used in policy and implementation procedures around the world. 
• Level AAA includes all Level A, AA, and AAA requirements. This level has 23 additional criteria in addition to the 25 criteria in level A and 13 criteria in level AA.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that only 16.4 percent of students with disabilities complete a bachelor’s degree – a sharp difference when compared to the 34.6 of students without a disability. This gap is a result of the lack of support institutions provide to their students with disabilities, including the barriers students face due to web inaccessibility.

When online material is inaccessible to students with disabilities, it limits their access to information, which in turn affects their education. This forces some students to the sidelines and significantly reduces their ability to interact and compete with their peers – simply because they lack access to the same materials. The combination of these factors severely impacts their overall higher education experience. Additionally, learning courses and programs increasingly pivoting to online and remote modalities further necessitates the need for digital accessibility.

Prior to more recent updates to WCAG, the Office of Civil Rights in the Department of Justice had adopted WCAG 2.0 Level AA as the standards that the federal government and its agencies must comply with. As of January 2017, Section 508 adopted WCAG’s 2.0 criteria to Level AA conformance. Institutions of higher education that are required to comply with section 508 must also therefore comply with WCAG guidelines as they offer services to the public. Although the WCAG is just a set of guidelines, by complying with Section 508 and the updated WCAG 2.2 Level AA requirements, higher education institutions can attract and retain their students with disabilities as they are able to provide them with the same experience and access to learning as their students without disabilities. These institutions can put themselves ahead of the changes in laws that are always being revised to grant more accessibility and inclusiveness to people who have special needs and can help avoid lawsuits brought on by students and other organizations fighting for accessibility. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (20 July 2015). The Economics Daily, People with a disability less likely to have completed a bachelor's degree at  

Civil Rights Education & Enforcement Center. (n.d.). National Association of the Deaf v. Harvard and National Association of the Deaf v. MIT. Civil Rights Education & Enforcement Center. 

Eggert, E. & Abou-Zahra, S. (4 Oct 2019). How to meet WCAG (Quick Reference) Principle 1 - Perceivable. W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. 

Essential Accessibility. (1 September 2017). Section 508 or WCAG 2.0? The higher education compliance question. Essential Accessibility. 

Henry, S. L. (29 April 2021). Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) overview. W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. 

Henry, S. L. & Dick, W. (5 June 2018). WCAG 2.1 at a glance. W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. 

McKenzie, L. (10 December 2018). 50 colleges hit with ADA lawsuits. Inside Higher Ed. 

McKenzie, L. (6 November 2018). Feds prod universities to address website accessibility complaints. Inside Higher Ed. 

My Accessible Website. (2021). WCAG levels: What's the difference? My Accessible Website. 

National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.) Fast facts: Students with disabilities. Institute of Education Sciences. 

Roscorla, T. (23 September 2016). DOJ vs. UC Berkeley: Forcing online content to be accessible. Government Technology. 

U.S. Department of Education. (30 November 2017). Bowling Green State University. 

Zahra, S. A. (10 May 2019). Accessibility principles. W3C Web Accessibility Initiative.